Understanding the initial irreversibility of metal sulfides for sodium-ion batteries via operando techniques

The reaction mechanism of the nickel subsulfide during the initial cycling is revealed by in operando transmission X-ray microscopy and high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction techniques combined with X-ray absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and 3D nano-tomography characterization. This study provides comprehensive understanding of the irreversibility of metal sulfides during the initial cycling for sodium ion batteries.418