Modeling the strain response, magneto-mechanical cycling under the external stress, work output and energy losses in Ni–Mn–Ga

Present publication gives a detailed theoretical concept and also presents the relevant experimental results concerning the effect of the constant external stress on the magnetic-field-controlled strain response during the cycling in magnetic field in Ni–Mn–Ga. We also first consider in details the problems of hysteresis, total energy balance, energy losses, optimization of work output and estimation of thermodynamic efficiency for Ni–Mn–Ga based MSMAs. Simultaneously we give the most important information about the main structural, magnetic and mechanical properties related to a family of non-stoichiometric Ni–Mn–Ga alloys having three different type of martensite crystal structures.