Multi-level optimization of building design, energy system sizing and operation

The methods used are described in detail, and the proposed methodology is applied to a case study concerning an office building. The detailed results presented include the trade-off front of optimal design-level solutions, the convergence of the optimisation, trends in the associated design variable values, derived properties of each solution, the operational variable values, and the run-times of the operational optimisation. Conclusions are drawn regarding the case study and the overall approach, and future directions are suggested.