The application of power-to-gas, pumped hydro storage and compressed air energy storage in an electricity system at different wind power penetration levels

The study shows that the application of large scale energy storage techniques results in economic costs reducing effects on the electricity system. These are highest for pumped hydro storage, followed by the cost reducing effects of compressed air energy storage and power-to-gas. The impact on the fuel use and the emissions is less obvious. In some scenarios, the application of storage even resulted in an increase of the fuel use and the emissions.