Performance of a quasi-steady model for hovering hummingbirds

A quasi-steady model describing aerodynamics of hovering Ruby-throated hummingbirds is presented to study extent of the low-order model in representing the flow physics of the bird and also to separately quantify the forces from the translational, rotational, and acceleration effects. Realistic wing kinematics are adopted and the model is calibrated against computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a corresponding revolving-wing model. The results show that the quasi-steady model is able to predict overall lift production reasonably well but fails to capture detailed force oscillations. The downstroke–upstroke asymmetry is consistent with that in the previous CFD study. Further analysis shows that significant rotational force is produced during mid-stroke rather than wing reversal.