A water sustainability framework for assessing biofuel certification schemes: Does European hybrid governance ensure sustainability of palm oil from Indonesia?

- EU biofuel governance combines mandatory requirements with voluntary certification.
- The mandatory requirements do not adequately address water sustainability.
- Only certification schemes with NGO members go beyond mandatory requirements.
- Industry schemes meet minimum requirements but do not push for more sustainability.
- Normative power is more likely to be exercised if NGOs partake in hybrid governance.