How does environmental regulation affect production location of non-carbon ecological footprint?

We find that an EKC relationship cannot be validated for income (GDP per capita) and non-carbon footprints of production and of imports. Besides, the analysis shows that countries reach the turning points for import footprint at lower levels of income once stringency of environmental regulation and enforcement of environmental regulation are accounted for. Environmental regulations push the economic structure towards a cleaner transformation by which resources can be exploited more effectively, and short run losses in economic growth can be avoided in the medium and long run, conditional on a successful transformation toward higher value-added and cleaner production processes.