Sustainable transport by use of alternative marine and aviation fuels-A well-to-tank analysis to assess interactions with Singapore's energy system

A comparison of process chains for the supply of fuels for marine and aviation purposes shows that conventional energy carriers and liquefied natural gas achieve higher energy efficiencies than biofuels and liquid hydrogen. Alternative fuels reduce greenhouse gas emissions by varying degrees depending on the fuel type. An analysis of interactions with Singapore's energy system identifies emerging opportunities and challenges for the city-state's economic system associated with future development of international transport. Although alternative fuels offer the possibility of diversifying Singapore's energy supply, creating new business opportunities, and increasing Singapore's impact on fighting climate change, limited resource potentials and higher energy prices set new challenges to secure Singapore's role as an international trade and transport hub.