Dust as an unalterable deteriorative factor affecting PV panel's efficiency: Why and how

Electricity generation from solar energy has a great potential since it relies mainly on an abundant and clean source. However, there are many alterable and unalterable factors that can govern a PV module's efficiency. Dust is one of the location-dependent environmental factors that falls under the unalterable factors group. It can degrade the efficiency of a PV panel by causing physical damages, by attenuating the incoming solar radiation and by causing temperature rise, which results in changes in panel's electrical characteristics. Degree of degradation depends mainly on the deposition density, which is governed by various factors. Dust accumulation of 20 g/m2 on a PV panel reduces short circuit current, open circuit voltage and efficiency by 15-21%, 2-6% and 15-35% respectively. This work reviews, elaborates and summarizes the effects of dust on solar panel efficiency and the factors governing dust deposition on PV panel.