Integrated HVAC and DHW production systems for Zero Energy Buildings

This paper reviews the technology, performance and the parameters of the latest multi-energy systems for residential ZEB on the market. The scope of the work is to provide the necessary information in order to design and operate integrated HVAC and domestic hot water (DHW) production systems. After characterising the building energy demand (forms of energy, thermal levels, peak loads and so on), the review focuses on integrated energy systems providing: heating energy for space heating and DHW production; heating and cooling energy for air conditioning and DHW production; heating energy for space heating, DHW production and electricity; heating and cooling energy for air conditioning, DHW production and mechanical ventilation. A schematic of each technology and a table contrasting the strengths, advantages, weaknesses and drawbacks of the various technologies are also provided.