Multi-technique study of fly ash from the Bokaro and Jharia coalfields (Jharkhand state, India): A contribution to its use as a geoliner

The materials were blended with bentonite to decrease the permeability further. The major and trace element compositions of these ashes were determined. Most of the elements studied were leached in lower concentrations than averages for the same elements from European fly ashes. It is thus expected that these ashes will not provide significant source of additional contamination to permeating water if they are used with bentonite as geoliner material.