Non-distance-based localization techniques for ensemble-based waterflooding optimization

The proposed regularization and novel non-distance-based localization techniques for refinement of the sensitivity matrix in ensemble-based waterflooding optimization, which automatically detects sealing faults and regions of low permeability, results in significant gains in NPV values and reduction in their variability. The added numerical cost is insignificant as previous simulation results are reused. The simulator is treated as a black-box in the optimization process and actual production history may be used in the localization criterion.