A comprehensive review of solid particle erosion modeling for oil and gas wells and pipelines applications

Sand is commonly produced along with production fluids (oil and gas), and this is a major problem for the oil and gas industry. Sand production is a concern, since it can bring about a variety of problems. Amid them, three problems stand out above all: pressure drop, pipe blockage, and erosion. The latter is a complex mechanical process in which material is removed from the pipeline due to repeated sand particle impacts. As a result, the pipeline can be eroded. Eroded pipelines may cause pipe failures which can result in financial losses and environmental issues. Therefore, it is important to know what parameters govern the erosion phenomenon and how it can be modeled. The present work describes key factors influencing erosion and reviews available erosion equations. Furthermore, empirical and mechanistic models for erosion prediction in pipelines are discussed. These models are used by oil and gas companies to limit the maximum production flow rates and avoid excessive erosion damage. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based erosion modeling as a comprehensive method for erosion studying is explained as well. Finally, possible limitations and gaps in knowledge concerning erosion are indicated. The current work can be used by oil and gas companies as a comprehensive review of erosion challenges and remedies. Of course, further studies must be undertaken in order to expand the knowledge of erosion and find applicable models for erosion damage prediction and prevention.