A hybrid DE–PS algorithm for load frequency control under deregulated power system with UPFC and RFB

In this paper, a Modified Integral Derivative (MID) controller is proposed for Load Frequency Control (LFC) of multi-area multi-source power system in deregulated environment. The multi-source power system is having different sources of power generation such as thermal, hydro, wind and diesel generating units considering boiler dynamics for thermal plants, Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) and Governor Dead Band (GDB) non-linearity. The superiority of proposed hybrid Differential Evolution and Pattern Search (hDE-PS) optimized MID controller over GA and DE techniques is demonstrated. Further, the effectiveness of proposed hDE-PS optimized MID controller over Integral (I) and Integral Derivative (ID) controller is verified. Then, to further improve the system performance, Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is placed in the tie-line and Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) are considered in the first area. The performance of proposed approach is evaluated at all possible power transactions that take place in a deregulated power market.