Efficiency of new Miswak, titanium dioxide and sand filters in reducing pollutants from wastewater

In this work, I tried to improve the efficiency and performance of the sand filter with a simple low cost method. This work successfully reported an alternative for the traditional biological sand filter which was considered as a time consuming filter. Miswak and TiO2 were added to the filter and their effects were observed. Three filters were designed (SF-1, SF-2, and SF-3). The results of this work indicated that chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced by 47.54%, 90.94%, and 95.47% in case of SF-1, SF-2, and SF-3, respectively. Moreover, the total suspended solids (TSS) removal % reached to 98.05% for both SF-1 and SF-2. Also, the total organic carbon (TOC), surfactants (SUR), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and total bacterial count were reduced when SF-1, SF-2, and SF-3 were used.