Useful and little-known applications of the Least Square Method and some consequences of covariances

Covariances are as important as variances when dealing with experimental data and they must be considered in fitting procedures and adjustments in order to preserve the statistical properties of the adjusted quantities. In this paper, we apply the Least Square Method in matrix form to several simple problems in order to evaluate the consequences of covariances in the fitting procedure. Among the examples, we demonstrate how a measurement of a physical quantity can change the adopted value of all other covariant quantities and how a new single point (x,y) improves the parameters of a previously adjusted straight-line.