An extension of Hill’s localized necking model

An extension of the classical localized necking model according to Hill [25] is proposed, with special reference to forming limit strain prediction of orthotropic sheet metals. Due to its computational efficiency the proposed model is an appealing alternative to the popular and more advanced Marciniak–Kuczyński model [34] and [35] with variable imperfection orientation. The proposed model is expected of being very beneficial when computationally demanding constitutive models are used, for example deformation texture models. Application examples demonstrate the capabilities of the developed localized necking model.