Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
8376039 | CMGH Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology | 2018 | 37 Pages |
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies have shown bidirectional interactions within the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Gut microbes communicate to the central nervous system through at least 3 parallel and interacting channels involving nervous, endocrine, and immune signaling mechanisms. The brain can affect the community structure and function of the gut microbiota through the autonomic nervous system, by modulating regional gut motility, intestinal transit and secretion, and gut permeability, and potentially through the luminal secretion of hormones that directly modulate microbial gene expression. A systems biological model is proposed that posits circular communication loops amid the brain, gut, and gut microbiome, and in which perturbation at any level can propagate dysregulation throughout the circuit. A series of largely preclinical observations implicates alterations in brain-gut-microbiome communication in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, and several psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Continued research holds the promise of identifying novel therapeutic targets and developing treatment strategies to address some of the most debilitating, costly, and poorly understood diseases.
Keywords
Secondary bile acidGLP-1FFAR5-HTIBSSCFAEECFGFFXRTrpECCGPRSPFBGMLPSTGR5G-protein–coupled receptorfarnesoid X receptorAutism spectrum disorderStressshort-chain fatty acidgerm-freeTryptophanspecific-pathogen-freeAutonomic nervous systemCNSGastrointestinalANSBBBSerotoninenterochromaffin cellEnteroendocrine cellirritable bowel syndromecentral nervous systemfibroblast growth factorlipopolysaccharideBlood-brain barrierIntestinal permeabilityASDglucagon-like peptide-1free fatty acid receptor
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Authors
Clair R. Martin, Vadim Osadchiy, Amir Kalani, Emeran A. Mayer,