Basic biology and therapeutic implications of lncRNA

A-Gene duplication and repurposing of pseudogenes is one of the proposed routes of lncRNA evolution. B-Mobile genetic elements (MGE) frequently initiate formation and evolution of new transcriptional units (TU) some of which become lncRNA. C-lncRNA participate in long range DNA looping essential for transcription regulation in somce loci. D-lncRNA are essential for telomere maintenance. E-lncRNA participate in X-chromosome inactivation and imprinting. F-lncRNA scaffold and regulate formation of nuclear paraspeckles, as a result also controlling the nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of mRNA. G-lncRNA are involved in formation of interchromatin granules enabling pre-mRNA splicing and maturation. H-Fine regulation of epigenetic modifications is assisted by tethering of epigenetic effectors and formation of polycomb bodies by lncRNA. I-Cytoplasmic roles of lncRNA include positive and negative regulation of mRNA stability. J-lncRNA are involved in regulation of translation and positive and negative regulation of nascent protein stability. K-lncRNA act as miRNA sponges blocking miRNA activity.137