An efficient quantum deniable authentication protocol without a trusted center

Recently, we first proposed a quantum deniable authentication protocol based on the property of unitary transformation and quantum one-way function, but the previous scheme needs the help of a trusted center and its quantum efficiency is only 25% [Quantum Inf Process. (2014). doi:10.1007/s11128-014-0743-9]. In order to improve the above scheme efficiency, a simple and effective quantum deniable authentication protocol without a trusted center is proposed. Utilizing the method of key agreement and encryption mechanism, this scheme can provide that only the specified receiver can identify the true source of a given message and the specified receiver cannot prove the source of the message to a third party by a transcript simulation algorithm. Finally, efficiency analysis results show quantum efficiency of this scheme will be 50% and it also has the remarkable advantages of consuming fewer quantum resources and lessening the difficulty and intensity of necessary operations. In addition, security analysis results show that this scheme also satisfies the basic security requirements of deniable authentication protocol such as completeness, deniability, and can withstand forgery attack, impersonation attack and inter-resend attack.