An image encryption scheme using generalized Arnold map and affine cipher

This paper aims to provide an image encryption scheme with an efficient bit-level permutation and a pixel-level diffusion procedure. In the bit-level permutation, we divide each pixel into 8 bits, and arrange the positions of each bit by the generalized Arnold map in row and column direction. Hence, a significant diffusion effect is happened in the bit-level permutation. In the pixel-level diffusion procedure, we apply affine cipher to change the gray value and the histogram distribution of the permutated image. Various types of security analyses demonstrate that the proposed scheme is competitive with that ordinary permutation–diffusion type image cipher and proper for practical image encryption.