Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
8480675 | Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology | 2014 | 9 Pages |
Abstract
Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family have been implicated in embryogenesis as well as in the determination of the cell fates of mouse and human embryonic stem (ES) cells, which are characterized by their self-renewal and pluripotency. The cellular responses to TGF-β family signals are divergent depending on the cellular context and local environment. TGF-β family signals play critical roles both in the maintenance of the pluripotent state of ES cells by inducing the expression of Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2, and in their differentiation into various cell types by regulating the expression of master regulatory genes. Moreover, multiple lines of evidence have suggested the importance of TGF-β family signals in establishing induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Since ES and iPS cells have great potential for applications in regenerative medicine, it is critical to figure out the mechanisms underlying their self-renewal, pluripotency, and differentiation. Here, we discuss the roles of TGF-β family ligands and their downstream signaling molecules, Smad proteins, in the maintenance of the pluripotency and lineage specification of mouse and human ES and iPS cells.
Keywords
IGFDUSP9BrachyuryICMEmbryonic bodiesEBsLIFI-SmadsMEFsFGFBMPsiPSMAPKALKInhibitory SmadsHESepithelial to mesenchymal transitionhuman embryonic stemInner cell massEMTembryonic steminduced pluripotent stemBraleukemia inhibitory factorfibroblast growth factorInsulin-like growth factorinhibitor of differentiationmouse embryonic fibroblastsbone morphogenetic proteinsmitogen activated protein kinaseactivin receptor-like kinase
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Authors
Fumiko Itoh, Tetsuro Watabe, Kohei Miyazono,