In vivo effects: Methodologies and biokinetics of inhaled nanomaterials

With respect to grouping, several strategies are necessary to cover all classes of MNs of different compositions and for different exposure routes, all of which are to be considered in regulatory decision-making. The suggested grouping and extrapolation framework presented in this paper could be pivotal in leveraging subchronic inhalation data with data from alternative test methods, thus leading to more efficient, cost-effective, and - in the long run - animal and cost saving methods to obtain needed input data for regulatory use.