Three-dimensional kinematics of the thorax during over-ground running

Our findings suggest that the differences in thoracic kinematics as a result of non-self-selected running speed may be due either to the increased neuromotor demands inherent to that running speed or due to the individual's adjustment to running at an unfamiliar speed. Further investigation is required to determine whether protocols that require participants to run at speeds other than self-selected pace confound the results. We therefore recommend normative data set protocols that avoid potential confounding by employing only self-selected pace. Our findings further suggest kinematic changes due to speed differed across gender, most notably in the transverse plane. Thus, we propose that gender specific normative data sets may be required.