Heat stress incidence and matchplay characteristics in Women's Grand Slam Tennis

An association between higher estimated WBGT and medical callouts (heat and non-heat related) was evident, with an increased call rate >32 °C WBGT, despite no heat-related retirements. As estimated WBGT increased, the number of winners and net approaches were reduced, while double faults increased, particularly >30 °C WBGT. Accordingly, the manner in which female players manage and play in the heat during women's Grand Slam tennis appears to change at ≈30 °C WBGT.