MC3T3 infiltration and proliferation in bovine trabecular scaffold regulated by dynamic flow bioreactor and augmented by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound

LIPUS stimulation was critical in contributing to the mechanical signaling transductions that activated bone enhancement parameters in MC3T3 cells regulated by bioreactor, and thus has potential to change how we pretreat scaffolds for orthopedic surgery and noninvasively accelerate healing in the future, e.g., in an extreme condition such as long-term space mission.