Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
8624642 | Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (PLEFA) | 2018 | 68 Pages |
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are present in breast milk and play important roles in early infant development. A supply of these fatty acids in infant formula (typically following breast milk as a model with ARA > DHA) is thought to be important since endogenous synthesis is insufficient to maintain tissue levels equivalent to breast-fed infants. Intervention studies assessing the impact of DHA- and ARA-supplemented formulas have resulted in numerous positive developmental outcomes (closer to breast-fed infants) including measures of specific cognition functions, visual acuity, and immune responses. A critical analysis of outcome assessment tools reveals the essentiality of selecting appropriate, focused techniques in order to provide accurate evaluation of DHA- and ARA-supplemented formulas. Future research directions should encompass in-depth assessment of specific cognitive outcomes, immune function, and disease incidence, as well as sources of experimental variability such as the status of fatty acid desaturase polymorphisms.
Keywords
DCCSD6DD5DIFN-γLCPUFAPDIMDIBSIDBRSWPPSI-IIIALAURIDGLAEPABayley Scales of Infant and Toddler DevelopmentType 2 T helperPHAPhytohaemagglutininDelta-6 desaturaseTh2Th1BLGArachidonic acidalpha-linolenic acidEicosapentaenoic aciddocosahexaenoic acidLinoleic acidLong chain polyunsaturated fatty aciddiamondinterferon-gammainterleukinBeta-lactoglobulinERPVisual functionBreast-fedtumor necrosis factor-alphaARAAtopic dermatitisCNSDelta-5 desaturaseDHAcentral nervous systemMental Development IndexPsychomotor Development IndexInfant formulaUpper respiratory infectionImmune functionCognitive functionTNF-αDimensional Change Card SortBehavioral Rating ScaleEvent-related potentialSingle nucleotide polymorphismSNP
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Authors
E.L. Lien, C. Richard, D.R. Hoffman,