Human Papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoproteins affect the cell microenvironment by classical secretion and extracellular vesicles delivery of inflammatory mediators

Our results suggest that the expression of HPV oncoproteins allows the modification of the tumor milieu through the synthesis and release of specific pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, affecting the efficacy of the immune response. The microenvironment can also be conditioned by an altered mRNA cargo delivered by extracellular vesicles, thereby efficiently affecting the surrounding cells with possible implication for tumorigenesis and tumor diagnosis.