Modulation of cholesterol-related sterols during Eimeria bovis macromeront formation and impact of selected oxysterols on parasite development

Obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites are considered as deficient in cholesterol biosynthesis and scavenge cholesterol from their host cell in a parasite-specific manner. Compared to fast proliferating apicomplexan species producing low numbers of merozoites per host cell, (e. g. Toxoplasma gondii), the macromeront-forming protozoa Eimeria bovis is in extraordinary need for cholesterol for offspring production (≥ 170,000 merozoites I/macromeront). Interestingly, optimized in vitro E. bovis merozoite I production occurs under low foetal calf serum (FCS, 1.2%) supplementation. To analyze the impact of extensive E. bovis proliferation on host cellular sterol metabolism we here compared the sterol profiles of E. bovis-infected primary endothelial host cells grown under optimized (1.2% FCS) and non-optimized (10% FCS) cell culture conditions. Therefore, several sterols indicating endogenous de novo cholesterol synthesis, cholesterol conversion and sterol uptake (phytosterols) were analyzed via GC-MS-based approaches. Overall, significantly enhanced levels of phytosterols were detected in both FCS conditions indicating infection-triggered sterol uptake from extracellular sources as a major pathway of sterol acquisition. Interestingly, a simultaneous induction of endogenous cholesterol synthesis based on increased levels of distinct cholesterol precursors was only observed in case of optimized parasite proliferation indicating a parasite proliferation-dependent effect. Considering side-chain oxysterols, 25 hydroxycholesterol levels were selectively found increased in E. bovis-infected host cells, while 24 hydroxycholesterol and 27 hydroxycholesterol contents were not significantly altered by infection. Exogenous treatments with 25 hydroxycholesterol, 27 hydroxycholesterol, and 7 ketocholesterol revealed significant adverse effects on E. bovis intracellular development. Thus, the number and size of developing macromeronts and merozoite I production was significantly reduced indicating that these oxysterols bear direct or indirect antiparasitic properties. Overall, the current data indicate parasite-driven changes in the host cellular sterol profile reflecting the huge demand of E. bovis for cholesterol during macromeront formation and its versatility in the acquisition of cholesterol sources.