A potential relationship between gut microbes and atrial fibrillation: Trimethylamine N-oxide, a gut microbe-derived metabolite, facilitates the progression of atrial fibrillation

TMAO could increase the instability of atrial electrophysiology in normal canines and aggravate the acute electrical remodeling in a RAP-induced AF model by exacerbating autonomic remodeling. The increased inflammatory cytokines in the GP due to the activation of p65 NF-κB signaling may contribute to these effects.