Characterization of epithelial oral dysplasia in non-smokers: First steps towards precision medicine

The majority of patients with OED were smokers. Of these, more were males, non-Caucasians and heavy drinkers. A significantly higher number of OED in NS were in the tongue, whereas a significantly higher number of OED in smokers were in the floor of mouth (FOM). OED in NS showed a greater than 2-fold increase in cancer progression. Strikingly, OED located in the FOM in NS showed a 38-fold increase in cancer progression as compared to those in smokers.