Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
8736425 | Autoimmunity Reviews | 2018 | 15 Pages |
Abstract
Xerostomia is a state of oral dryness associated with salivary gland dysfunction and is induced by stress, radiation and chemical therapy, various systemic and autoimmune diseases, and specific medications. Fluid secretion is interrupted by the stimulation of neurotransmitter-induced increase in cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) in salivary gland acinar cells, prompting the mobilization of ion channels and their transporters. Salivary fluid and protein secretion are principally dependent on parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Various inflammatory cytokines allied with lymphocytic infiltration cause glandular damage and Sjogren's syndrome, an autoimmune exocrinopathy associated with hyposalivation. A defect in IP3Rs, a major calcium release channel, prompts inadequate agonist-induced [Ca2+]i in acinar cells and deters salivary flow. The store-operated calcium entry-mediated Ca2+ movement into the acini activates K+ and Clâ channels, which further opens a water channel protein, aquaporin-5, and triggers the release of fluid secretion from the salivary glands. The cellular mechanism of salivary gland dysfunction and hyposalivation has not yet been elucidated. In this review, we focused mainly on the proteins responsible for deficient saliva, the correlation between inflammation and salivation, autoimmune disorders and other ailments or complications associated with hyposalivation.
Keywords
TGF-βG protein–coupled receptorsGPCRsIFN-γNF-kBcGMPGLP-1NMDARPKC δCD4Anti-Ro/SSAJnkAnti-La/SSBTRPCc-Jun N-terminal kinasescAMPROSAdenosine TriphosphateATPSodium-potassium adenosine triphosphataseCyclic adenosine monophosphateAutoimmune disordersinflammationinterferon-gammainterleukinSalivationTransforming Growth Factor Betatumor necrosis factor-alphaGrayXerostomiaCluster of differentiation 4TNF-αNuclear factor-kappa Bcyclic guanosine monophosphatetransient receptor potential canonicalProtein Kinase C Deltaglucagon-like peptide 1Ion channelsIntracellular calciumReactive oxygen speciesN-methyl-d-aspartate receptor
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Authors
Kashi Raj Bhattarai, Raghupatil Junjappa, Mallikarjun Handigund, Hyung-Ryong Kim, Han-Jung Chae,