Fixation compliance in a mouse osteotomy model induces two different processes of bone healing but does not lead to delayed union

Delayed unions are a problematic complication of fracture healing whose pathophysiology is not well understood. Advanced molecular biology methods available with mice would be advantageous for investigation. In humans, decreased fixation rigidity and poor reduction are generally associated with delayed unions. In this study, these two factors were combined to observe their effect on bone healing in mice. Two plates with locking screws, one with 14 the bending stiffness of the other, were used to stabilize a 0.45 mm gap osteotomy. μCT, radiographs, 4pt-bending tests and histological analysis demonstrated that the different plate types led to two different healing pathways. The less flexible bridging plate induced only intramembranous ossification whereas the more flexible bridging plate induced a mixture of endochondral and intramembranous ossification. However, the different plates led to a delay in healing of only 3–5 days in the period between 14 and 21 post-operative days. In mice, considerable fixation flexibility is necessary to induce secondary bone healing similar to that which occurs in humans, but this was not sufficient to induce a substantial delay in bone healing as would be expected in humans.