Echocardiography

Although computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have an important role, echocardiography remains the primary modality for imaging cardiac structure and function. This article aims to explain echocardiography from a non-cardiologist perspective, describing a standard imaging protocol including the use of colour and spectral Doppler methods. This incorporates assessment of left and right ventricular systolic function, valve structure and function, and other useful haemodynamic indices. More advanced techniques include trans-oesophageal echo, contrast echo, three-dimensional and strain imaging, and these have broadened the scope and utility of echocardiography in recent years.