Scope and Consistency of Outcomes Reported in Randomized Trials Conducted in Adults Receiving Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review

Outcomes reported in clinical trials involving adults receiving hemodialysis are focused on surrogate outcomes, rather than clinical and patient-centered outcomes. There is also extreme multiplicity and heterogeneity at every level: domain, measure, metric, and time point. Estimates of the comparative effectiveness of available interventions are unreliable and improvements over time have been inconsistent.