Posterior osteotomies for kyphosis correction

Kyphotic deformity of the spine is a significant source of pain and disability. Sagittal and/or coronal malalignment of the spine can be secondary to numerous factors including trauma, infection, surgery (iatrogenic), congenital deformity, and degenerative changes. Surgical correction is often the definitive treatment for patients with severe or late stage deformity. There are several options for choice of osteotomy including the Smith-Peterson osteotomy, pedicle subtraction osteotomy, and vertebral resection osteotomy. This manuscript discusses the various types of osteotomies, indications, evaluation, and complications for the treatment of kyphosis.