Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
8842165 | Progress in Neurobiology | 2018 | 131 Pages |
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (PSC) technology and direct somatic cell reprogramming have opened up a promising new avenue in the field of neuroscience. These recent advances allow researchers to obtain virtually any cell type found in the human brain, making it possible to produce and study functional neurons in laboratory conditions for both scientific and medical purposes. Although distinct approaches have shown to be successful in directing neuronal cell fate in vitro, their refinement and optimization, as well as the search for alternative approaches, remains necessary to help realize the full potential of the eventually derived neuronal populations. Furthermore, we are currently limited in the number of neuronal subtypes whose induction is fully established, and different cultivation protocols for each subtype exist, making it challenging to increase the reproducibility and decrease the variances that are observed between different protocols. In this review, we summarize the progress that has been made in generating various neuronal subtypes from PSCs and somatic cells, with special emphasis on chemically defined systems, transcription factor-mediated reprogramming and epigenetic-based approaches. We also discuss the efforts that are being made to increase the efficiency of current protocols and address the potential for the use of these cells in disease modelling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine.
Keywords
KLF45-HTEGFCas9FACSnESCRISPRDOXHDACsp53miRNAsLi2CO3TSAMYCGFAPMEFGFPeGFPOlig2FGFHDACASOSSSTPSCTETtph2Hb9DcxNeuNGad67GDNFNurr1siRNAsIPSCsBMP7SSRIsPax6dCas9LiClFGF2DLX1DLX2TphVGATVGLUT1VGLUT2GIRK2Lmx1bMAP2Ascl1P65EBsGSK3βBcl-xLWntVAChTLmx1aSox2Pax2oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2Reelinneuronal nuclei antigenTdTCD4RELNPHOX2BMACSLBX1Fgf10Y-27632SB431542DKK1GATA2NKX2-1DNMTsCUX1NANOGCDK4/6DsRedIRESRtaNaBH3K27FOXA2VPASMADSOX17FGF4wingless-type MMTV integration site familyESCsDNA methyltransferasesNeuroD1SAGsmoothened agonistVMAT2Dlx5Brn2Ngn2distal-less homeobox 5H3K4me2GATA4FGF8Pitx2Pdx1GATA binding protein 4SOX3CHIR99021CALB1Tumour protein p53PSCsNK2 homeobox 1Lin28SOX1RFPRNAsLhx2GCaMP3BIX-01294RE1-silencing transcription factorTALENsPitx3Lhx3CTIP2PA6GAD65/67LHX1NeuroD2MYOD1Phox2aDorsomorphinTbr1Trp53Tuj1Lhx6LIFTGF-βOSKMhistone H3 lysine 27paired-like homeodomain 2XAV939SYN1CRISPR associated protein 9NK2 Homeobox 2paired-like homeobox 2BISL LIM homeobox 1Discosoma sp. Red fluorescent proteinGATA binding protein 2ZFPsForkhead box protein A2BMP inhibitorguide RNAsNK6 homeobox 1BDNFBMPsCPGsDNAEn1Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1isl1NPCsOCT3/4RNA interferenceRNAismall interfering RNAsBrain disordersdeoxyribonucleic acidγ-aminobutyric acidRNAribonucleic acidRibonucleic acidsEpigeneticsNOGReSTCellular reprogrammingnogginclustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeatsBIOTransforming Growth Factor BetaTrichostatin Amyogenic differentiation 1TransdifferentiationDirected differentiationNeuronal differentiationtumor protein p53tyrosine hydroxylasepaired box 2Paired box 6embryoid bodyembryoid bodiesvesicular GABA transportervesicular acetylcholine transportervesicular glutamate transporter 2vesicular glutamate transporter 1TauCluster of differentiation 4ShhdoxycyclinepurDORfluorescence-activated cell sortingten-eleven translocationdoublecortinRetinoic acidtranscription activator-like effector nucleasesmicroRNAsinternal ribosome entry siteSodium butyrateserotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)Induced pluripotent stem cellsPluripotent stem cellPluripotent stem cellsSomatic cellsInduced neuronal cellsNeural precursor cellsEmbryonic stem cellsSomatostatinsynapsin 1sonic hedgehogepidermal growth factorfibroblast growth factor 10fibroblast growth factor 4Fibroblast growth factor 8ETS transcription factorbrain derived neurotrophic factorKrüppel-like factor 4Actbfibroblast growth factorGlial derived neurotrophic factorFevB-cell lymphoma-extra largeDisease modellingBMPmagnetic-activated cell sortingselective serotonin reuptake inhibitorsROCK inhibitormouse embryonic fibroblastMicroRNAMiRNADickkopf-1nestinNeurogenin 2tryptophan hydroxylasetryptophan hydroxylase 2histone deacetylaseshistone deacetylaseValproic acidParvalbuminGlial fibrillary acidic proteinZinc finger proteinsgreen fluorescent proteinenhanced green fluorescent proteinred fluorescent proteinmicrotubule-associated protein 2bone morphogenic proteinBone morphogenic protein 7bone morphogenic proteinsPurmorphamineChATLithium carbonateGABAglycogen synthase kinase 3 betaRock
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Authors
R.J.M. Riemens, D.L.A. van den Hove, M. Esteller, R. Delgado-Morales,