Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
8842178 | Progress in Neurobiology | 2018 | 147 Pages |
Abstract
Stroke represents a severe medical condition that causes stroke survivors to suffer from long-term and even lifelong disability. Over the past several decades, a vast majority of stroke research targets neuroprotection in the acute phase, while little work has been done to enhance stroke recovery at the later stage. Through reviewing current understanding of brain plasticity, stroke pathology, and emerging preclinical and clinical restorative approaches, this review aims to provide new insights to advance the research field for stroke recovery. Lifelong brain plasticity offers the long-lasting possibility to repair a stroke-damaged brain. Stroke impairs the structural and functional integrity of entire brain networks; the restorative approaches containing multi-components have great potential to maximize stroke recovery by rebuilding and normalizing the stroke-disrupted entire brain networks and brain functioning. The restorative window for stroke recovery is much longer than previously thought. The optimal time for brain repair appears to be at later stage of stroke rather than the earlier stage. It is expected that these new insights will advance our understanding of stroke recovery and assist in developing the next generation of restorative approaches for enhancing brain repair after stroke.
Keywords
α-SMAMMPMCAMSCstPASDF-1NF-kBvWFVEGFR2MRSRMSPNNAMPANGFOGDPSA-NCAMtDCSNMDAPSD-95MCAOHIF-1αIPSCsLFPNSCsCIMTEPCsSGZSVZDPSCsYFPSCFSHRsOECsPAI-1LDPRCTshUCBHSCsMNCsCNIsFlk-1ECFCsnoradrenaline reuptake inhibitorsTBINGFI-BFDAM-typeNGFI-ATMSTGF-βrTMSvon Willibrand factorBDNFMDMsNPCsα-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptorRandomized controlled trialsTraumatic brain injurySprague-Dawleylong-term depressionMRImiddle cerebral artery occlusionBrain plasticityinterleukinStroke recoveryBrdUbromodeoxyuridinetransforming growth factor beta 1Transcranial direct current stimulationRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationTranscranial magnetic stimulationpostsynaptic density-95Magnetic resonance imagingfMRIfunctional magnetic resonance imagingBrain repairlong-term potentiationLTPtumor necrosis factor alpharostral migratory streamconstraint-induced movement therapyPerineuronal netHuman umbilical cord bloodShhCNSFood and Drug AdministrationBBBOlfactory Ensheathing Cellshematopoietic stem cellsMesenchymal stem cellsDental pulp stem cellsInduced pluripotent stem cellsEndothelial progenitor cellsNeural stem cellsEndothelial colony forming cellsMononuclear cellsNeural progenitor cellscentral nervous systemmiddle cerebral arterysonic hedgehoghypoxia-inducible factor 1 alphabrain derived neurotrophic factorstromal cell-derived factor-1Granulocyte-colony stimulating factorVascular endothelial growth factorVascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)nerve growth factorbasic fibroblast growth factorStem Cell FactorG-CSFTNF-αnuclear factor kappa Btissue plasminogen activatorprimary motor cortexmatrix metalloproteinaseBlood-brain barriermonocyte-derived macrophagesMHCmajor histocompatibility complexOxygen glucose deprivationEnriched environmentModified Rankin scalesubgranular zonesubventricular zoneplasminogen activator inhibitor 1selective serotonin reuptake inhibitorsSSRISpontaneously hypertensive ratspolysialylated neural cell adhesion moleculeNARIlocal field potentialyellow fluorescent proteinfetal liver kinase 1N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor
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Authors
Li-Ru Zhao, Alison Willing,