Road expansion: A challenge to conservation of mammals, with particular emphasis on the endangered Asiatic cheetah in Iran

Anthropogenic activities, including road expansion, are one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss in Iran. Central and northeastern Iran have been among the most vulnerable areas where expanding anthropogenic activities (in particular construction of road networks) have come into conflict with conservation and management of the endangered Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), along with other large mammals. The present study aimed to determine hotspot locations along an extremely high-risk road for mammals in northeast Iran (Touran Biosphere Reserve [TBR]) and propose mitigation measures for mammals such as the Asiatic cheetah. Using a spatially-explicit algorithm to estimate collision incidences, we adopted the kernel density estimation (KDE) and the distance method with respect to EDGE (evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered) and home range values for all locations. Also, a habitat suitability map was prepared to create habitat patches and applied to corridor modeling for the Asiatic cheetah. We investigated locations of 73 wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) and crossing data from 2005-2016, that included Persian gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa), Asiatic cheetahs, striped hyenas (Hyaena hyaena), golden jackals (Canis auerus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), European hare (Lepus europaeus), caracal (Caracal caracal), and grey wolves (Canis lupus). Our results showed that, based on the two methods, hotspot locations and the Asiatic cheetah corridor coincided. The corridor between TBR and Miandasht Wildlife Refuge was illustrated. This corridor is about 55 km length and 656 km2 area, which connects two population patches within these protected areas. Asiatic cheetah vehicle collisions mostly occurred where a road crossed this corridor at the border of the TBR. The mitigation strategies proposed in this study for large mammals, particularly the Asiatic cheetah, are as follows: retrofit and installation of culverts in hotspots; installation of fences for crossing carnivores; and, roadside vegetation clearance in critical seasons for the Persian gazelles along the Semnan-Mashhad road.