Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
8851172 | Chemosphere | 2018 | 32 Pages |
Abstract
This research investigated the removal of carbamazepine (CBZ) and diclofenac (DCF) in water using ultrasonic (US) treatment in the absence or presence of graphene oxides (GOs). Three frequencies and three pH conditions were tested (28, 580, and 1000â¯kHz and 3.5, 7, and 9.5, respectively). Regarding the effects of US frequency and pH, 580â¯kHz and pH 3.5 were more effective at removing CBZ and DCF (>86% for CBZ and >92% for DCF) than 1000/28â¯kHz and pH 7/9.5 within 60â¯min. However, sonocatalytic removal was enhanced in the presence of GOs; more than 99% CBZ and DCF removal was achieved at 580â¯kHz and pH 3.5 within 40â¯min. The sonicated GOs were more stable at 28â¯kHz than at higher frequencies of 580 and 10,00â¯kHz. The adsorption of CBZ and DCF has increased when GOs were sonicated at 28â¯kHz (44% and 61%, respectively) compared with 580â¯kHz (34% and 52%, respectively) and 1000â¯kHz (18% and 39%, respectively). The negative charges of GOs increased at 28â¯kHz (â105.1â¯mV), however, it decreased at higher frequencies such as 580â¯kHz (â71.5â¯mV) and 1000â¯kHz (â58.6â¯mV), which led to increased electrostatic repulsion that increased the stability of the GO particles in water. The overall enhancement in CBZ and DCF removal was due to an increase in cavitational bubbles, which in turn led to increased production of OH
- and enhanced adsorption due to dispersion (resulting from US irradiation), which caused an increase in active adsorption sites of the GOs.
- and enhanced adsorption due to dispersion (resulting from US irradiation), which caused an increase in active adsorption sites of the GOs.
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Authors
Yasir A.J. Al-Hamadani, Gooyong Lee, Sewoon Kim, Chang Min Park, Min Jang, Namguk Her, Jonghun Han, Do-Hyung Kim, Yeomin Yoon,