Boron reduces aluminum-induced growth inhibition, oxidative damage and alterations in the cell wall components in the roots of trifoliate orange

Schematic representation of aluminum toxicity in plant through apoplast binding to negatively charges sites under boron deficiency. Aluminum is absorbed by plant roots through the rhizosphere and induces pectin de-methylation. Al3+ ions binds to the negatively charged sites of the un-methylated pectin and some of them enters to cell and causes ROS accumulation, plasma membrane damage and cell death. On the other hand, B binds together pectin molecules, thus shielding binding sites for Al3+ and reduces entry into cell.304