Reduction of CO2 emissions with automatic mooring systems. The case of the port of Santander

The implementation of the AMS, when compared to the traditional mooring systems, leads to a reduction in CO2 emissions of 76.78% calculated using the EPA method and 76.63% using the ENTEC method. Hence, the Port Authorities in their long-term planning decisions should promote the introduction of automatic mooring systems wherever the profitability thresholds of traffic allow it, as this will lead to significant environmental benefits by substantially reducing CO2 emissions during the maneuvers of merchant ships in maritime commercial ports.