Update on thirdhand smoke: A comprehensive systematic review

Numerous specific biomarkers of THS were evaluated, with the most common being nicotine, nitrosamines, and cotinine. The most common method of preparing THS dust samples were cotton wipes, while chromatography, used alone or coupled with mass spectrometry, was the most common analytical technique. We have tried to establish common bases after reviewing all the current literature of the THS although, there is great heterogeneity between the studies and we have not always succeeded. The studies in this review demonstrate the harmful effects of THS on health in cells, in animal models, and in people including children. However, in people, the long-term effects remain unknown and more research is needed. These studies show that knowledge about THS and its potential harmful effects are poorly understood among the general population. For this reason, THS should receive greater emphasis in education and awareness policies.