Optimization of torrefaction conditions of coffee industry residues using desirability function approach

An optimization study using Derringer's desired function methodology was also carried out and the optimal torrefaction conditions were found: temperature 271.7 °C, residence time 20 min, heating rate 5 °C/min for CC and 256.0 °C, 20 min, 25 °C/min for SCGs. The experimental values closely agree with the corresponding predicted values.