Macondo oil in northern Gulf of Mexico waters - Part 1: Assessments and forensic methods for Deepwater Horizon offshore water samples

Forensic chemistry assessments documented the presence of Macondo (MC252) oil from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) spill in offshore water samples collected under Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) protocols. In ocean depths, oiled water was sampled, observed, photographed, and tracked in dissolved oxygen (DO) and fluorometry profiles. Chemical analyses, sensor records, and observations confirmed the shifting, rising oil plume above the wellhead while smaller, less buoyant droplets were entrapped in a layer at ~1000-1400 m and advected up to 412 km southwest. Near-surface oil samples showed substantial dissolution weathering from oil droplets rising through the water column, as well as enhanced evaporative losses of lighter n-alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Dispersant effects from surface applications and injected at the wellhead were seen in oil profiles as enhanced weathering patterns (increased dissolution), thus implying dispersants were a functionally effective mediation treatment. Forensic assessment methods are detailed in the Supplemental information (SI).