Two-stage Red Sea rifting inferred from mantle earthquakes in Neoproterozoic lithosphere

- Thermal models imply second-stage Red Sea rifting at ∼12 Ma (after ∼27 Ma inception).
- 38-km Moho and 60-km lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary from P-wave receiver functions.
- Mantle earthquakes limit lithospheric temperature above 50 km to ≤850±50°C.
- Western Arabian cratonic lithosphere is not in thermal equilibrium with its asthenosphere.