The trace element and U-Pb systematics of metamorphic apatite

Apatite is a common accessory mineral in igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. It has potential as a provenance indicator in sedimentary systems, as it can host a wide variety of trace elements in its crystal structure and can yield thermochronological age information. However, the processes controlling the trace element and U-Pb systematics of metamorphic apatite remain poorly understood, and metamorphic apatite remains significantly under-represented in compositional provenance databases linking apatite trace-element chemistry to its corresponding parent rock type. We investigate the trace-element and U-Pb systematics of metamorphic apatite from a suite of 22 bedrock samples of diverse metamorphic grade and protolith type, sampled from a variety of metamorphic terranes. Metamorphic apatite from low- to medium-grade metapelites and metabasites can be easily distinguished from granitic apatite as it is significantly depleted in Th, REE, and Y. Depletion in Th and REE + Y is attributed to growth of co-genetic epidote, which is the dominant carrier phase of the REE + Y, Th, and U in all the low- to medium-grade samples mapped by laser ablation quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-Q-ICP-MS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Apatite U contents in low- to medium-grade metapelites and metabasites are more variable than the Th and REE + Y contents, but are typically low. Consequently, grains from these rock types are often undateable by the U-Pb LA-ICP-MS method and thus are underrepresented in apatite U-Pb detrital datasets, but can still be identified as low- to medium-grade metamorphic apatite by their trace-element characteristics. Low-grade metapelite apatite is difficult to distinguish from low-grade metabasite apatite, which is likely due to the growth of U-, Th-, and REE-rich epidote in both lithologies. Detrital (granitic) apatite is stable in very low-grade (e.g. pumpellyite-actinolite facies) metasedimentary samples, while neo- or re-crystallized metamorphic apatite is widespread by the upper-greenschist facies. LA-Q-ICP-MS imaging demonstrates that low REE + Y, Th, and U metamorphic apatite rims can nucleate on detrital igneous apatite precursors with high REE + Y, Th, and U. With increasing metamorphic grade, 1) relict detrital apatite is consumed, 2) the coherence of the U-Pb concordia systematics dating metamorphism improves, and 3) the degree of dispersion on metamorphic apatite multi-element plots decreases. The highest-grade metamorphic apatite samples investigated are paragneisses, some of which have locally undergone anatexis. Apatites from these samples yield well constrained TW concordia intercept ages and minor dispersion on multi-element plots (which is attributed to the absence of epidote) and closely resemble apatite from S-type granites in their trace element characteristics.