Bismuth electrodes in contemporary electroanalysis

After the first introduction of bismuth film electrode in 2000 as an attractive alternative to its mercury analogue for anodic stripping voltammetric detection of trace (heavy) metal ions, and following the first few years of pioneering studies, the bismuth as a "green" electrode material gained broader attention within the electrochemical community worldwide. These investigations triggered intensive research of bismuth-based electrodes for detecting numerous important analytes under different conditions, and the development of novel types of bismuth electrodes.