Change in end-tidal carbon dioxide outperforms other surrogates for change in cardiac output during fluid challenge

ΔVEE′CO2 outperformed ΔVEPP, ΔVESBP, ΔVEMBP, ΔVEFemFlow, and ΔVEHR and, during protective ventilation, arrhythmia, or both, it also outperformed ΔVEPPV. A value of ΔVEE′CO2 >1 mm Hg (>0.13 kPa) indicated a likely response to VE.