Risk assessment of engineered nanoparticles and other contaminants in terrestrial plants

Nanoparticles (NPs) will inevitably interact with co-existing contaminants after release to soil environment. There are potential routes affecting their interaction and consequent bioaccumulation and phytotoxicity. The joint effects of NPs and other contaminants on terrestrial plants are increasingly investigated but still limited. To provide a sound basis for risk assessment, more research should evaluate the joint effects under soil realistic conditions. This will promote the potential application of NPs in soil remediation, or as nano fertilizer/pesticide.